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Pre-Qin Dynasty
2006-7-4 10:39:17
    The Relics of Fine Arts of the Era before Qin Dynasty were mainly the products like the bronze wares, impressed potteries and primitive porcelains.
    The form of the most of the bronze wares of Zhejiang in Shang dynasty are similar to the Central China's, for example, the Bronze Cooking Vessel excavated in Anji county. During the period, the decorations of the bronze wares were powerful in lines, lifelike in patterns, solid and stable in structures which symbolized the stateliness, power and will of the rising slave-owners. The Tortuous Dragon Bronze Plate excavated in Wenling was delicate in foundry, elegant in decorative veins and about 61.5cm in its caliber. It was the so-called 'King of All Plates'. Inside the plate there was founded a tortuous dragon with its head high-stand. In Western Zhou Dynasty, the bronze smelt industry of Zhejiang had developed in large-scale production and formed the local style. The Cloud and Thunder Veined Bronze Cymbal excavated in Changxing County was a typical southern style bronze cymbal, which was decorated with veins of clouds and thunders and was similar to the decorative patterns of the impressed pottery of the time. Another excavation, the Turtle-veined Bronze Vessel was the only one found in South China Region. It was decorated with the unique vein of turtles at the inner bottom and C-like veins on its surface. It was full of local flavor of Zhejiang.
    In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the King of Yue Kingdom, Goujian, perished the Wu Kingdom and became one of 'he Five Tyrants In Spring And Autumn Period'. The bronze smelt industry in Zhejiang had reached the height of splendor and the smelt level had been as developed as that of the central China region and formed the vivid local styles. The 17 bronze wares excavated in Shaoxing Potang, including the Jiyuetongfang (a small bronze house with bronze performers in it), the Soup Vessel and the Bronze Beast Guard of Tomb, were so various in shapes, delicate in processing and beautiful in decorative patterns that they marked the highest level of the industry then. As for The Bronze Beast Guard of Tomb, there were tortuous dragon veins on the posts, green precious stones inlayed and phoenix veins in its base and four genuflected figures decorated with cloud and thunder veins as its feet. The Dragon-veined Bronze Wine Utensil was complicated in decoration. On its cover alone there were 11 dragons and 16 beasts. The knob of the cover consisted of 7 round engraved twining hornless dragons with another four surrounding them ready to prey. The mouth of the pot was made into a dragon's head, followed by delicate dragon dorsal and tail fins on its handle. It was novel and plump in the outer shape, and vivid and luxuriant in details thus became the representative piece of the bronzes wares of the South China region.

    The impressed pottery was a great creation which was the result of the struggles against the natural world by the ancient Yue Tribe of Zhejiang and became the cultural symbol of the tribe. There were several hundreds of impressed pottery sites within Zhejiang province and among which the geometric impressed pottery of the high memorial platform type and Maqiao type excavated in the Hangzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou Plain formed the important connotation of the culture of the pre-Qin Dynasty. There was a kiln of the Shang Dynasty excavated in Shangyu. The impressed pottery was very popular in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period.
    The impressed potteries of Zhejiang were usually made with the clay-strip circling skill and then printed with various geometric veins. The impressed potteries excavated in Changxin, Jiangshan and chun'an were the wares of the Shang Dynasty which were loose in the clay density, thin in its body and decorated with line, big pane, cloud and thunder and twisting veins. The excavation found in Changxing, Huzhou and Anji were hard in quality, thick in body and decorated with circle, twisting, flat cloud and thunder and combined veins. Among the Yue Kingdom excavations found in Shaoxing, there were coarse impressed potteries like jars and pots. The impressed potteries and primitive celadon were usually found in the same kilns during Spring and Autumn Period. The Impressed Pot of the Western Zhou Dynasty excavated in Shaoshan was decorated with string veins in its neck and printed the cloud and thunder veins on its body. The Impressed Jar of the Spring and Autumn Period found in Chun'an was plump in shoulder, stretched in its body and flat in bottom and was decorated with the combined veins of the double-lined panes and diamond patterns.
image The Dragon-veined Bronze Wine Utensil

    Zhejiang is one of the regions that the primitive porcelain appeared comparatively earlier. The primitive porcelain is the inevitable result of the development of the processing of pottery. Among the excavations of Huangmeishan Kiln Site of the Shang Dynasty in Huzhou were primitive celadon products like jars and standing cups. The Huoshaoshan Kiln Site (in Deqing) had experienced the period from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period where there were such representatives of the early development stage of the primitive porcelains of the Southern Yangtze River Region like the Primitive Tube-shaped Container which was well decorated with cloud and thunder veins and painted with green and brown glaze. The Primitive Porcelain Standing Cup excavated in Jiangshan of the Western Zhou Dynasty was a typical one of the early primitive standing cups. It was green and yellow in glaze, decorated with string veins and pasted with clay spots. The kilns of the Warring States Period spread over the Hangzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou plain and the cities like Xiaoshan and Shaoxing. The porcelain wares before the Warring States Period were mostly made with piled clay strips, uneven in glaze and would carry a black or brown color in glaze due to the iron element in the clay. The porcelain wares after the Warring States Period were made with the wheel tools so they were uniform in shape, dense in body, even in the green or light-yellow glaze. The glaze seldom coagulated. The Primitive Porcelain Yong Bell of the Warring States Period excavated in Zhenhai bore a dark yellow color with no obvious glaze. This kind of quasi-bronze Yong bells was a unique skill of the ancient Yue people in processing porcelain products. The Wuzhou Kiln was also one of the earliest kilns that made the primitive porcelains. In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period its main products were wares like pots, plates, bowls and cups. The Primitive Tube-shaped Porcelain Pot of the Spring and Autumn Period was printed with cloud and thunder veins and shinning green and yellow glazes on its inner and outer surfaces. The pure and bright glaze as well as the close combination of the roughcast and the glaze reflected the new stage of the porcelain-making skills of the Southern region.
image    According to the recordation of The Lv' Spring and Autumn Period, Gou Jian, the king of Yue Kingdom, forbad the usage of bronze ceremonial wares to stop waste, so the nobles had to make porcelain wares as the substitutions. One of the cultural characteristics of Yue Kingdom's porcelain was the imitation to the bronze wares. After the downfall of the Yue Kingdom, the making of the primitive porcelains disappeared accordingly.

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