Path: HomePage -> Culture -> Culture & Arts -> Fine Arts
Sui Dynasty, Tang Dynasty Five Dynasties and Ten States
2006-7-4 10:50:38
    Zhejiang was one of the beneficiaries of the construction of Great Cannel that was built after the unification of China in the Sui Dynasty. There was such famous temple like Guoqing Temple in Zhejiang in Sui Dynasty which had been called Tiantai Temple initially. Zhi Yong (or Faji, whose surname had been Wang before he became a monk), who joined the Buddhism in Yongxin Temple and was well known for his religious name Yong Master, was the seventh generation's offspring of the famous calligrapher, Wang Xizhi. He was so hard in practicing his calligraphy that many brushes were used out. He buried those brushes and built the Tomb of the Abandoned Brushes. As so many people came to his house to ask for his calligraphic works, his wooden-made doorsill was damaged. He enwrapped the damaged doorsill with iron belt that was called the Iron-doorsill Bound. His cursive hand style works were natural and graceful indeed with strong and powerful strokes. He used to send out 800 copies of his collection, namely Cursive Hand Styled ' A Thousand Words to the Eastern Zhejiang temples. Some of the 800 copies even come down till today.

   Yuezhou (shaoxing) became the textile center of the Southern Yangtze River Region after mid Tang Dynasty where presented various kinds of textiles like Wu damask silk, Hua Gu Xie and red gauze as the tributes to the royal court. The damask silks produced in Yuezhou were beautiful in pattern and delicate in weave. The persimmon pedicel damask silks produced in Hangzhou were famous all over the country and the noted poet, Bai Juyi gave very high praise to them in his poem Spring View Of Hangzhou. The products presented by the Yue Kilns in Tang Dynasty were famous for their glaze quality, shapes and engraved patterns. The production center had been moved from Shangyu to Shanglinhu Region where Yuyao and Cixi bordered. The porcelain wares of Yue kilns were green in glaze and the famous poet Lu Guimeng wrote the poem The Olive Green Yue Porcelains to praise the sense of beauty the porcelains brought. After compared the Yue porcelains with the northern Xing Porcelains by Lu Yu, he wrote down three advantages of Yue porcelains in His work Scripture of Tea in that the they were more like the color of jade and ice and what's more, the tea leaves would look more fresh against the green glaze of Yue porcelains. The porcelains of Tang Dynasty emphasized on the beautiful designs, for example, the shapes of bowls could be made like lotus leaves, Chinese flowering crabapples and sunflower petals. The handled-pots were the important kind of the Yue Kiln products of the late Tang Dynasty. They looked dignified and stout. The most puff boxes then were of sunken bottom inside and raised top, with lightly embossed decorative patterns and smooth glaze. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the Yue kilns reached its second peak of the productions. They caught up with the vogue of the time and produced many works full of natural and graceful artistic temperament. The Celadon Round Jar With Tortuous Dragon was a product of typical Tang flavor, which was decorated with a vivid tortuous dragon and plump in shape. The Eight-arrised Matrass was shinning with the green glaze and was simple but dignified in shape. The Bowl of Chinese Flowering Crabapple Shape was like a blossoming crabapple when one looked out upon it; it was smooth in glaze, soft in color, big but shapely in shape which reflected the lofty producing level of the craftsman in Tang Dynasty. The techniques of gold and silver production were highly developed. The Topped Silver Jar excavated from some tomb of Lin'an was a masterwork of Tang Dynasty. It was covered with gold-plating, decorated with clouds, lotus leaves, pair dragons, pair lions and party scene patterns. The Mirror With Mysterious Marine Beasts and Grapes was another featured craftwork of Tang Dynasty.

    Yu Shinan' Bo Shi, 558-638'as a famous calligrapher of Tang Dynasty who was born in Yuyao. The Xuanhe Calligraphic Works gave high praises to his works as being round, plump, flexible and upright. Together with Ouyang Xun, Zhu Suiliang and Xue Ji, they were collectively called The Four Great Calligraphers Of The Early Tang Period. One of his reserved works, The Epigraph of Confucius Temple was the classic of the Chinese regular script. Zhu Suiliang (or Dengdu, a Qiantang native, 596-658) had been a high-ranked official of Tang Dynasty before demeaned by the emperor due to his frank views on politics. He had learned from the Wangs (Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzi) and was influenced by Ouyang Xun and Yu Shinan. His work Preface To the Goose Pagoda Holy Cult produced in his late years was an excellent piece that mixed the regular script with official script and made great influences to the Chinese Calligraphy. Xu Hao (or Jihai 703-782) was a middle Tang Dynasty calligrapher who was bon in Huiji and late became a high-ranked official of Tang Dynasty. He admired The Two Wangs and especially Wang Xianzhi and was good at regular script, official script and cursive hand style. His representative works were Epigraph of Bukong Monk and Epigraph of Master Dazhi. There were other famous calligraphers of Tang Dynasty in Zhejiang like He Zhizhang, Gao Xian, etc.
The Epigraph of Confucius Temple, by Yu Shinan > image

    There were such great painters like Chen Hong and Sun Wei in Tang Dynasty. The Huiji native Chen Hong was good at portraits, beauties and horses. He had been the royal painter of the Emperor Tang Xuan Zong and painted such master pieces like Moon Bright (name of the emperor's horse), Gold Bridge (with other painters like Wu Daozi and Wei Wugong) and Eight Noblemen (collected by some museum of U.S.). The Dongyue native, Sun Wei was good at portraits, dragons and water, hill stones, pines and bamboos and josses. His painting The Lofty was collected by Shanghai Museum. With heavy colors and forceful lines, it displayed the scene of four scholars enjoying their leisure time in the woods.
The Lofty, by Sun Wei -> image
   During the Five Dynasties Period, although the whole country was in continuous wars, Zhejiang province was under the stable rule of the Wuyue Kingdom, which ensured the further social and cultural development of Zhejiang. The Yue Kilns had experienced its golden age of this period. The color of the porcelain glaze became pure light green and the original greenness with the light yellow color was no longer adopted. The shapes of the porcelain products became diverse, for example, the shapes of the puff boxes were made like the lotus leaves, lotus flowers and lotus fruits; the shapes of handled pots like five-arrised melons. The decorations were neat and dense and the patterns were various like butterflies and flowers, mandarin ducks, fish jumping over the dragon gate, crane flying across the clouds, peonies, Chinese flowering crabapples and human figures. The decorative veins were engraved with knives or pricks. Besides the light green glaze, there were other decorative techniques like brown paintings, filling the engraved lines with gold and banding the containers' mouths with gold or silver materials, etc. For example, the Embossed Celadon Pot with Tortuous Dragon was decorated three gold pieces on the embossed dragon. The olive green porcelains of Yue Kilns were very famous for their fine quality, smooth glaze and neat shapes. The Toad-shaped Inkstone of Yue Kiln was shaped as a plump three-legged toad sitting on a lotus leaves. It was very vivid and cute. The Mandarin Duck Wine Pot was plump in shape, confident in lines and dexterously made the pot's spigot into the beak of a chirping mandarin duck.

    In order to advocate Buddhism, Qian Liu, the king of the Wuyue Kingdom ordered his people to build temples, pagodas and rock cave josses by the West Lake. After the reconstruction ordered by Qian Liu, the Lingyin Temple became a large temple with 9 superstructures, 18 pavilions and 72 halls, and altogether 1300 rooms. There were many temples built in the period like Fantian Temple, Jingci Temple, Shanqing Temple, Zhaoqing Temple, Mituo Temple, Li'an Temple, Liu Tong Temple, Yunxi Temple, Taoguang Temple, Faxi Temple, Kiahua Temple and Maonao Temple, etc. The number of the temples and pagodas was several times that of the other contemporary nine kingdoms. Among these architectures, 'The Four Pagodas of Qiangtang' were most famous, i.e. Liuhe Pagoda, Baochu Pagoda, Leifeng Pagoda and White Pagoda. Qianliu had built many gardens around the West Lake like the Garden of Luxurance, West Garden, Garden of Booming Calyx, and The Southern Orchard. All of these were the master works of the landscape architectures. Yu Hao was a famous architect then. As a long-standing material supervisor, he became the most respectable in the circle. He wrote The Scripture Of Wood (totaling three volumes) in his late years, which contributed a lot to the architectural technology.

    The engraving printing was highly developed in the Wuyue Kingdom period. Among the excavated items of the Leifeng Pagoda, there was an engraving printed iconograph Worshipping the Buddha as the first page of the Dharani Scripture. It was one of the earliest wooden engraving printed pieces of China.
    The rock cave josses were very popular in the Wuyue Kingdom. The 16 stone arhats found in Yanxia (Morning Glow Mist) Cave were chiseled on the rocks and different in the figures and features. The most exquisite rock cave josses of the Wuyue Kingdom were found on Ciyun (Benevolent Clouds) Hill. They were divided into two groups and the main group consisted of 7 josses with different but vivid looks. The art forms of the rock cave josses inherited the late Tang Dynasty style. The josses in the Tianlong (Heavenly Dragon) Temple and the Jinguang (Golden Light) Cave on the Flying Hill not only inherited the Tang Dynasty flavor, but also inspired the development of the skills of the later Song Dynasty.

    During the period, there was a famous painter called Guan Xiu (Or Jiang Daoyin) who was born in Lianxi County. He was also good at the calligraphy and the later artists called his cursive style 'the Jiang's Style' The 16 Arhats was his representative piece that was full of exaggerated ancient taste with powerful lines and simple shapes. He once sent a poem of his to the King of the Wuyue Kingdom Qian Liu. The king admired it a lot but wanted him to revise the poem to display the aggressive tendency of the kingdom. Guan Xiu refused to do so and went to the Shu Kingdom for the pursuit of a peaceful life.
    The development of Fine arts in the Wuyue Kingdom period was a solid cornerstone of the approaching golden age in the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties.

The 16 Arhats, by Guan Xiu - >

image