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Sui Dynasty, Tang Dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten States
2006-7-4 10:50:38 |
| Zhejiang was one of the beneficiaries
of the construction of Great Cannel that was built after the unification
of China in the Sui Dynasty. There was such famous temple like Guoqing
Temple in Zhejiang in Sui Dynasty which had been called Tiantai Temple
initially. Zhi Yong (or Faji, whose surname had been Wang before he became
a monk), who joined the Buddhism in Yongxin Temple and was well known for
his religious name Yong Master, was the seventh generation's offspring of
the famous calligrapher, Wang Xizhi. He was so hard in practicing his
calligraphy that many brushes were used out. He buried those brushes and
built the Tomb of the Abandoned Brushes. As so many people came to his
house to ask for his calligraphic works, his wooden-made doorsill was
damaged. He enwrapped the damaged doorsill with iron belt that was called
the Iron-doorsill Bound. His cursive hand style works were natural and
graceful indeed with strong and powerful strokes. He used to send out 800
copies of his collection, namely Cursive Hand Styled ' A Thousand Words to
the Eastern Zhejiang temples. Some of the 800 copies even come down till
today. |
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Yuezhou (shaoxing) became the textile center of the
Southern Yangtze River Region after mid Tang Dynasty where presented
various kinds of textiles like Wu damask silk, Hua Gu Xie and red gauze as
the tributes to the royal court. The damask silks produced in Yuezhou were
beautiful in pattern and delicate in weave. The persimmon pedicel damask
silks produced in Hangzhou were famous all over the country and the noted
poet, Bai Juyi gave very high praise to them in his poem Spring View Of
Hangzhou. The products presented by the Yue Kilns in Tang Dynasty were
famous for their glaze quality, shapes and engraved patterns. The
production center had been moved from Shangyu to Shanglinhu Region where
Yuyao and Cixi bordered. The porcelain wares of Yue kilns were green in
glaze and the famous poet Lu Guimeng wrote the poem The Olive Green Yue
Porcelains to praise the sense of beauty the porcelains brought. After
compared the Yue porcelains with the northern Xing Porcelains by Lu Yu, he
wrote down three advantages of Yue porcelains in His work Scripture of Tea
in that the they were more like the color of jade and ice and what's more,
the tea leaves would look more fresh against the green glaze of Yue
porcelains. The porcelains of Tang Dynasty emphasized on the beautiful
designs, for example, the shapes of bowls could be made like lotus leaves,
Chinese flowering crabapples and sunflower petals. The handled-pots were
the important kind of the Yue Kiln products of the late Tang Dynasty. They
looked dignified and stout. The most puff boxes then were of sunken bottom
inside and raised top, with lightly embossed decorative patterns and
smooth glaze. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the Yue kilns reached
its second peak of the productions. They caught up with the vogue of the
time and produced many works full of natural and graceful artistic
temperament. The Celadon Round Jar With Tortuous Dragon was a product of
typical Tang flavor, which was decorated with a vivid tortuous dragon and
plump in shape. The Eight-arrised Matrass was shinning with the green
glaze and was simple but dignified in shape. The Bowl of Chinese Flowering
Crabapple Shape was like a blossoming crabapple when one looked out upon
it; it was smooth in glaze, soft in color, big but shapely in shape which
reflected the lofty producing level of the craftsman in Tang Dynasty. The
techniques of gold and silver production were highly developed. The Topped
Silver Jar excavated from some tomb of Lin'an was a masterwork of Tang
Dynasty. It was covered with gold-plating, decorated with clouds, lotus
leaves, pair dragons, pair lions and party scene patterns. The Mirror With
Mysterious Marine Beasts and Grapes was another featured craftwork of Tang
Dynasty.
| Yu Shinan' Bo Shi, 558-638'as a
famous calligrapher of Tang Dynasty who was born in Yuyao. The
Xuanhe Calligraphic Works gave high praises to his works as being
round, plump, flexible and upright. Together with Ouyang Xun, Zhu
Suiliang and Xue Ji, they were collectively called The Four Great
Calligraphers Of The Early Tang Period. One of his reserved works,
The Epigraph of Confucius Temple was the classic of the Chinese
regular script. Zhu Suiliang (or Dengdu, a Qiantang native, 596-658)
had been a high-ranked official of Tang Dynasty before demeaned by
the emperor due to his frank views on politics. He had learned from
the Wangs (Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzi) and was influenced by Ouyang
Xun and Yu Shinan. His work Preface To the Goose Pagoda Holy Cult
produced in his late years was an excellent piece that mixed the
regular script with official script and made great influences to the
Chinese Calligraphy. Xu Hao (or Jihai 703-782) was a middle Tang
Dynasty calligrapher who was bon in Huiji and late became a
high-ranked official of Tang Dynasty. He admired The Two Wangs and
especially Wang Xianzhi and was good at regular script, official
script and cursive hand style. His representative works were
Epigraph of Bukong Monk and Epigraph of Master Dazhi. There were
other famous calligraphers of Tang Dynasty in Zhejiang like He
Zhizhang, Gao Xian, etc. |
| The
Epigraph of Confucius Temple, by Yu Shinan > |
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| There
were such great painters like Chen Hong and Sun Wei in Tang Dynasty. The
Huiji native Chen Hong was good at portraits, beauties and horses. He had
been the royal painter of the Emperor Tang Xuan Zong and painted such
master pieces like Moon Bright (name of the emperor's horse), Gold Bridge
(with other painters like Wu Daozi and Wei Wugong) and Eight Noblemen
(collected by some museum of U.S.). The Dongyue native, Sun Wei was good
at portraits, dragons and water, hill stones, pines and bamboos and
josses. His painting The Lofty was collected by Shanghai Museum. With
heavy colors and forceful lines, it displayed the scene of four scholars
enjoying their leisure time in the woods. |
| The
Lofty, by Sun Wei -> |
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| During the
Five Dynasties Period, although the whole country was in continuous wars,
Zhejiang province was under the stable rule of the Wuyue Kingdom, which
ensured the further social and cultural development of Zhejiang. The Yue
Kilns had experienced its golden age of this period. The color of the
porcelain glaze became pure light green and the original greenness with
the light yellow color was no longer adopted. The shapes of the porcelain
products became diverse, for example, the shapes of the puff boxes were
made like the lotus leaves, lotus flowers and lotus fruits; the shapes of
handled pots like five-arrised melons. The decorations were neat and dense
and the patterns were various like butterflies and flowers, mandarin
ducks, fish jumping over the dragon gate, crane flying across the clouds,
peonies, Chinese flowering crabapples and human figures. The decorative
veins were engraved with knives or pricks. Besides the light green glaze,
there were other decorative techniques like brown paintings, filling the
engraved lines with gold and banding the containers' mouths with gold or
silver materials, etc. For example, the Embossed Celadon Pot with Tortuous
Dragon was decorated three gold pieces on the embossed dragon. The olive
green porcelains of Yue Kilns were very famous for their fine quality,
smooth glaze and neat shapes. The Toad-shaped Inkstone of Yue Kiln was
shaped as a plump three-legged toad sitting on a lotus leaves. It was very
vivid and cute. The Mandarin Duck Wine Pot was plump in shape, confident
in lines and dexterously made the pot's spigot into the beak of a chirping
mandarin duck. |
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In order to advocate Buddhism, Qian Liu, the
king of the Wuyue Kingdom ordered his people to build temples, pagodas and
rock cave josses by the West Lake. After the reconstruction ordered by
Qian Liu, the Lingyin Temple became a large temple with 9 superstructures,
18 pavilions and 72 halls, and altogether 1300 rooms. There were many
temples built in the period like Fantian Temple, Jingci Temple, Shanqing
Temple, Zhaoqing Temple, Mituo Temple, Li'an Temple, Liu Tong Temple,
Yunxi Temple, Taoguang Temple, Faxi Temple, Kiahua Temple and Maonao
Temple, etc. The number of the temples and pagodas was several times that
of the other contemporary nine kingdoms. Among these architectures, 'The
Four Pagodas of Qiangtang' were most famous, i.e. Liuhe Pagoda, Baochu
Pagoda, Leifeng Pagoda and White Pagoda. Qianliu had built many gardens
around the West Lake like the Garden of Luxurance, West Garden, Garden of
Booming Calyx, and The Southern Orchard. All of these were the master
works of the landscape architectures. Yu Hao was a famous architect then.
As a long-standing material supervisor, he became the most respectable in
the circle. He wrote The Scripture Of Wood (totaling three volumes) in his
late years, which contributed a lot to the architectural technology.
| The engraving printing was highly
developed in the Wuyue Kingdom period. Among the excavated items of
the Leifeng Pagoda, there was an engraving printed iconograph
Worshipping the Buddha as the first page of the Dharani Scripture.
It was one of the earliest wooden engraving printed pieces of
China. |
| The rock cave josses were very
popular in the Wuyue Kingdom. The 16 stone arhats found in Yanxia
(Morning Glow Mist) Cave were chiseled on the rocks and different in
the figures and features. The most exquisite rock cave josses of the
Wuyue Kingdom were found on Ciyun (Benevolent Clouds) Hill. They
were divided into two groups and the main group consisted of 7
josses with different but vivid looks. The art forms of the rock
cave josses inherited the late Tang Dynasty style. The josses in the
Tianlong (Heavenly Dragon) Temple and the Jinguang (Golden Light)
Cave on the Flying Hill not only inherited the Tang Dynasty flavor,
but also inspired the development of the skills of the later Song
Dynasty. |
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During the period, there was a famous
painter called Guan Xiu (Or Jiang Daoyin) who was born in Lianxi
County. He was also good at the calligraphy and the later artists
called his cursive style 'the Jiang's Style' The 16 Arhats was his
representative piece that was full of exaggerated ancient taste with
powerful lines and simple shapes. He once sent a poem of his to the
King of the Wuyue Kingdom Qian Liu. The king admired it a lot but
wanted him to revise the poem to display the aggressive tendency of
the kingdom. Guan Xiu refused to do so and went to the Shu Kingdom
for the pursuit of a peaceful life. The
development of Fine arts in the Wuyue Kingdom period was a solid
cornerstone of the approaching golden age in the Northern and
Southern Song Dynasties.
The 16 Arhats, by Guan Xiu - >
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